Indonesia Council Open Conference, 25-27 September 2023, Sydney
You can find the abstract, slides,article and additional reading below for a paper presented online for the Indonesia Council Open Conference (ICOC), 2023 as part of Panel 2.06 – Going Global: Transnationalism and Indonesia (Click here to join online).
Links to all other panels of the conference are available in the program booklet downloadable from the conference website.
Panel details
Panel 2.06 – Going Global: Transnationalism and Indonesia Tuesday 26 September, 14:00–15:30 AEST (Sydney) – Join online
From Scout to Soldier: Transnational Youth Culture and the Shaping of Indonesian Pemuda Mr Jonathan Tehusijarana
Colonial Connections in the 21st Century: Indonesia, the Netherlands, Australia Ms Jorien van Beukering
Mixed Heritage Indonesian-Japanese Youth: Growing Up in Transnational Educational Spaces Dr Danau Tanu
Indonesian ‘Host’ Experiences of Australian Study Abroad Programs in Yogyakarta, Bandung and Jakarta Mr Nurfitra Asa, Ms Elena Williams
Paper abstract
Mixed Heritage Indonesian-Japanese Youth: Growing Up in Transnational Educational Spaces Danau Tanu
This paper explores the experiences of young adults of mixed Indonesian and Japanese heritage in the context of the cultural legacy of Japanese imperialism in Asia and the contemporary regional socio-economic hierarchy. Many Indonesian-Japanese youth attend a mixture of educational institutions in Indonesia that include local schools, (overseas) Japanese schools, and/or English-medium ‘international’ schools. In each type of school, their Indonesian-Japanese heritage carries a different meaning depending on the transnational discourses that are at work on campus and whether the school’s dominant culture perceives Indonesia and/or Japan as inferior or superior. In response, the Indonesian- Japanese youth will at times perform Japaneseness while downplaying their Indonesianness or perform bicultural competence. The strategies they employ can result in ambivalent feelings about their heritage and a painful distance from their Indonesian mothers. Despite growing up in Indonesia, Indonesia’s positioning ‘in the world’ strongly influences their everyday lived experiences.
Article
The paper is based on the article ‘Are hafus “dirty” or “special”? Negotiating mixed-race identities among Japanese-Indonesian youths in Indonesia’ and new data of my current research.
Halo, salam kenal. Nama saya Danau. Sejak Maret tahun ini, saya datang ke Jepang sebagai Visiting Research Fellow di Waseda University untuk meneliti tentang anak muda ‘multikultural’ di Tokyo.
Saya sedang mencari peserta interview. Silahkan baca lebih lanjut di bawah ini atau hubungi kami. (Bahasa lainnya: 日本語 atau English)
Penduduk Jepang makin hari makin beragam. Meskipun begitu, penelitian tentang pengalaman anak muda yang berlatar belakang beragam budaya atau multikultural/multibudaya masih sangat terbatas, terutama yang berbahasa Indonesia.
Penelitian ini berfokus pada pengalaman anak muda di Jepang yang dipengaruhi lebih dari satu budaya pada masa kecil atau masa remaja melalui faktor-faktor seperti berikut:
mobilitas (pengalaman tinggal di lebih dari satu negara)
sekolah dan pendidikan
media sosial and media massa
hubungan sosial (misalnya: keluarga, teman, komunitas, dll.)
Peserta penelitian yang dicari
Dalam rangka penelitian ini, saya ingin interview orang yang berlatar belakang multibudaya yang berhubungan dengan Jepang yaitu seseorang yang:
pernah menghabiskan sebagian dari masa kecil atau masa remaja mereka di Jepang (3 bulan atau lebih sebelum berusia 18 tahun), atau
setidaknya salah satu orang tuanya lahir di luar Jepang, atau
setidaknya salah satu orang tuanya dianggap etnis minoritas di Jepang, atau
sejak kecil dwibahasa atau fasih dalam lebih dari satu bahasa, atau
yang lainnya*
(*Jika Anda merasa Anda berlatar belakang multikultural tetapi tidak termasuk dalam kategori yang tertera di sini, silahkan kontek saya.)
Metode pengumpulan data
Data kualitatif akan dikumpulkan melalui interview/wawancara (metode utama) dan ‘pengamatan terlibat’ yaitu ‘observasi partisipatif’ (tidak wajib) sesuai dengan metode penelitian di bidang antropologi.
Interview/wawancara
Interview akan dilangsungkan sebagai berikut:
Durasi 1~2 jam (tergantung kesediaan/kesibukan peserta)
Jam & lokasi Pada waktu dan lokasi yang nyaman bagi peserta
Pertanyaan Saya tertarik pada masa kecil dan remaja peserta dan pengalaman saat ini yang berkaitan dengan topik penelitian yang tertera diatas. Saya akan bimbing arah percakapan sesuai dengan topik penelitian ini tetapi karena interview antropologi bersifat informal dan santai, maka tidak ada daftar pertanyaan yang harus dijawab. Peserta bebas berbagi sesuka dan sebanyak Anda inginkan.
Perekaman & izin Interview akan direkam secara audio seizin peserta. Jika peserta berusia dibawah 18 tahun, maka saya akan juga meminta izin interview dari orang tua atau wali (guardian) peserta.
Pelindungan data pribadi & anonimitas Rekaman interview akan disalin dan dianalisa. Ada kemungkinan sebagian akan dikutip dalam artikel atau publikasi lainnya. Namun, nama asli peserta tidak akan digunakan dalam publikasi atau dimanapun baik secara tertulis maupun secara lisan. Bilamana peserta dikutip dalam publikasi, maka peserta akan diberikan nama samaran untuk memperlindungi identitas dan anonimitas peserta, kecuali jika peserta meminta nama aslinya dipakai dalam publikasi.
Pencegahan korona Peneliti telah disuntik 3 kali vaksinasi korona dan akan memakai masker saat tidak makan atau minum dan menjaga jarak sosial.
Para peserta sering berkata bahwa mereka senang diwawancarai karena cara interviewnya santai dan nyaman untuk berbagi cerita. Jika ada pertanyaan yang tidak ingin dijawab, tidak perlu dijawab. Meskipun sudah bersetuju untuk diwawancara tetapi kemudian berubah pikiran pada waktu interview sedang berlangsung atau sesudah diwawancara, peserta bebas membatalkan interview atau meminta supaya rekamannya dihapus.
pengamatan terlibat (tidak wajib)
Di bidang antroplogi, kami terkadang menggunakan juga metode yang disebut ‘pengamatan terlibat’ atau ‘observasi partisipan’ dimana peneliti ikut serta dalam pergaulan peserta sambil mengamati ‘kehidupan nyata’ peserta, yaitu misalnya di tempat belajar/kerja atau ketika peserta menghabiskan waktu bersama teman atau keluarga. Pengamatan terlibat seringkali dapat membantu peneliti memahami pengalaman peserta riset secara lebih mendalam. Tentu saja pengamatan terlibat tidak akan dilakukan tanpa izin peserta.
Cara ikut serta atau bertanya
Jika Anda bersedia ikut serta dalam penelitian atau hanya sekedar ingin tahu lebih lanjut mengenai penelitian, silahkan isi formulir berikut atau hubungi kami secara langsung.
My name is Danau Tanu. I am a Visiting Research Fellow at Waseda University.
I would like to interview young people with a multicultural background. Please read below to find out more. (Also available in 日本語 or Bahasa Indonesia.)
Japan’s population is becoming more diverse but there is very little research on the experiences of children and young people growing up with a multicultural background.
This research focuses on how multicultural people in Japan are impacted by one or more of the following factors:
mobility/moving
schooling and education
media (including social media)
social relations (family, friends, community, etc.)
Participants: Who are you researching?
In this research, I am looking for children and adults (no age limit) with a multicultural background and a Japan connection. If you have received some Japanese schooling (in Japan or overseas) and identify with one or more of the following, please let me know:
spent some of their childhood outside of Japan (3 months or more before age 18),
have one or more parent(s) who were born overseas,
have one or more parent(s) who are ethnic minorities in Japan,
grew up bilingual/multilingual as a result of mobility, schooling, media, friends, family, etc.
other*
(*If you feel you are multicultural but don’t fit in the above categories, please let me know, I’d love to hear from you!)
Method: How do you collect data?
As an anthropologist, I will collect qualitative data through interviews (main method) and ‘participant observation’ (optional).
Interviews
I will interview participants as follows:
Duration 1.5 ~ 2 hours (depends on your availability)
Time & place We can meet at a time and place that is convenient for you. (In person interviews are preferred but online interviews are possible too.)
Questions I am interested in the participant’s childhood and current experiences relating to the research topic. The interview is informal, so I will guide the general topic of conversation but there are no formal questions. Participants can share as much or as little as they want.
Recording & permission Interviews will be audio recorded with the your permission. If you are aged 17 years old or younger, I will also ask for permission from your parent or guardian.
Privacy & anonymity I will later transcribe and analyse the interviews and quote some of it in publications. Unless you specifically request that I use your real name, I will always use pseudonyms to protect your identity, anonymity and privacy.
Covid measures The researcher has received 3 covid vaccination shots and will abide by the regular measures such as wearing a mask when not eating or drinking and maintaining social distance.
Participants often tell me that they enjoy being interviewed because I try to make sure they feel comfortable sharing their stories. This means that if you don’t like a question, you don’t have to answer it. Also, you can say ‘yes’ to an interview and then change your mind later during or after the interview. For example, if you change your mind after the interview, you can ask me to delete the recording. You don’t even have to explain why you changed your mind.
Participant observation (Optional)
Anthropologists also sometimes use a method called ‘participant observation’. This means we hang out with people ‘in real life’, such as at work or when they spend time with friends and family. This helps us gain more in-depth understanding of their experiences. But I will only do this with your permission of course!
Contact: How do I participate?
If you would like to participate in the research or find out more about the research, please fill in the Contact Form or feel free to contact me directly.
After transcribing and analyzing the data, I will publish the findings in academic journals (e.g. journals in anthropology, sociology, migration studies or education) to contribute to the scholarship on multicultural identities and education.
I will also publish the findings as newspaper opinion pieces or magazine articles (e.g. education-related magazines) to reach a broader audience and contribute to the public discussions on relevant issues.
I may also publish my findings as a book (for the same reasons) depending on the amount of data and subsequent funding opportunities.
“Racism” and “global citizenship” sound incompatible—like oil and water. This past year, however, we’ve been forced to acknowledge that systemic racism exists even within the “international school ecosystem,” to borrow AIELOC’s expression.
It exists even in international schools with a diverse student body. But how?
According to Nick, a North American teacher at an international school in Indonesia, it gets taught as part of the “hidden curriculum.”
“It’s what we say we teach, which I believe we believe in and we’re trying to do, but by the very makeup of the institution, we are teaching this hidden agenda,” Nick explained. “It’s not like anybody’s setting out to try to teach it, but it’s being taught because it’s our daily experience here.”
Pennies before rupiah
An alumna of Nick’s school believed the curriculum shaped the cultural hierarchy on campus. Lianne said, “I think because our teachers were mostly Americans, a lot of our study material was based out of the States. I learned what a penny was before I learned about the Indonesian rupiah!”
Photo of a penny (one cent) from the United States of America by Adam Nir on Unsplash
Lianne was referring to the math problems in her textbooks, which used currencies that were not used locally.
“And social studies was always about [western] history before world history,” Lianne added. Scientists and literary authors also mostly had English or other European names.
But it isn’t just about who or what is included in the textbooks. It is also about what is omitted.
Missing pieces
Large portions of the world do not appear in these textbooks. Or, if they do, it’s tokenistic.
By high school graduation, an international school student who grew up in Asia might have learnt about the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and its role in the start of a major war between European powers. They might also be able to write essays on Medieval Europe and the European Renaissance.
Yet, they might not know the significance of the 1955 Bandung Conference in Indonesia when the heads of newly decolonized African and Asian states held a large-scale summit for the first time. They might know very little about Asian history and may not even have heard of the Ottoman Empire. It is also likely that they have never learnt about the legacies of colonialism in present-day political structures.
Students may be familiar with the European origins of “Roman numerals” but they might not have heard of the Indo-Arabic origins of the numbers they use daily.
After graduating, Lianne went on to study English literature in Australia. “Then I go to university,” she recalls, “and it’s like, ooh, colonization? Hmm, how come I didn’t study that at school? Duh, we were being colonized!” Lianne let out a laugh.
But it isn’t just about textbooks.
Konferensi Asia-Afrika, the first large-scale Asia Africa summit — also known as the Bandung Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955.
The operating system
“I honestly think that it was just the system,” Lianne offered. “It was the operating system of the school: the workbook, the teachers, and then most of the kids were of course American kids. It’s the oil kids, Mobile Oil, Castrol, right?”
Nick gave a more specific example. “For certainly the vast majority of our students,” he pointed out, “they see Indonesians in subservient positions—primarily drivers, nannies, maids, gardeners, secretaries, electricians, and what have you.”
The large number of local cleaning, gardening and security staff on campus generally remained nameless and faceless to students and teachers.
“How many Indonesians do they see in positions of power?” Nick asked. “They don’t, right?”
Most of the teachers were white, including Nick. At the time of my interview with him, all five of the leadership positions in the high school administration were filled by white men. This was despite the use of international recruitment processes in a female-dominated industry.
Token diversity?
Although there were some non-white educators at the school, this does not prove the absence of racial bias in the hiring process.
It is possible that some were hired because they fit the existing images or stereotypes of non-white educators. Around half of them taught languages other than English. Only two were Black: a male physical education teacher and a female guidance counselor.
While I had not given it much thought at the time, it was uncanny to hear Ryan Haynes, a counselor who works at another international school, say in an interview recently on The Global Chatter podcast that people often assume he’s a physical education teacher due to the stereotype of Black men as athletic. Haynes also noted that guidance counselors are sought after internationally.
Internalizing the structures
The racial composition of those in positions of authority does not go unnoticed by students.
Teachers like Nick could see the negative impact of the hidden curriculum on their own children who also attended the school. Nick, who was married to an Indonesian, observed that his seven-year-old, mixed-race daughter looked down on Indonesians.
Growing Up in Transit, published in 2018, is the research that forms the basis for this article.
A senior student at Nick’s school also shared a story that illustrates how students unknowingly absorb the racial biases of a hidden curriculum. “One of the things that I find really strange is,” said Tim, “when I’m here, most of the workers in McDonalds … in all these restaurants are Asian, and then going back to the States and having [to give] orders to someone who is white or Caucasian is really strange to me. It’s really weird. I don’t know why.”
Tim was not used to seeing white people in working class occupations serving others. He had expected them to be in positions of authority.
Enduring patterns
The demographic makeup of international schools has undergone major changes across the world over the past few decades. But little has changed in terms of the hidden curriculum. Nick and his students’ description of the school in 2009 closely echoed that of Lianne’s experience in the 1980s to 90s.
Today, the same stories are still being told in many places. Last year, the Organisation to Decolonise International Schools (ODIS) led by two recent graduates of international schools stated, “Many international school alumni have testified that their education was too Westernised and centred on white culture, history and achievements.”
This does not mean, however, that international schools have completely failed.
Although he was critical, Nick also said, “There’s no other school I wanna send my children to. I really believe that it’s an incredible [education] that we’re offering—the multiculturalism and all of those aspects that are powerful and good.”
But he added, “There is this dark underbelly that isn’t being addressed there. I think it poisons the system to some degree.”
Portions of this article first appeared in Growing Up in Transit, edited for this post. Pseudonyms have been used for all interviewees to protect their privacy.
This article was originally published in The International Educator (TIE Online) on 16 February 2021.
